$BM-32$+$D4m81$J8@MU$H9g=09q7{K!=$@5Bh0l>r(B1

$B$@$,!"$3$N!VL@Gr$+$D8=:_$N4m81!W$N%F%9%H$r%/%j%"$7$F$$$F$bJ]8n$5$l$J$$;vNc$b$"$k!#Nc$($P!"9g=09q$ND5Js3hF0$K4X$9$k>pJs$r8xI=$7$?@\$N6<0R$r5Z$\$98@O@$K$D$$$F$O!"$?$H$($3$N%F%9%H$r%/%j%"$7$F$$$?$H$7$F$bJ]8n$NBP>]$K$O$J$i$J$$!#$3$3$G$b$^$?!"A0$K5s$2$?8@O@$H9T0Y$H$N6hJL$,9MN8$KF~$l$i$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$N$G$"$k!#(B

$B$^$?!"8@O@3hF0$K$h$C$F320-$r5Z$\$5$l$k$N$,>o$K@/I\$G$"$k$H$O8B$i$J$$$N$@$+$i!"L1;v>e$N@UG$$,Ld$o$l$k$3$H$b$"$k!#$@$,L1;v$N>e$G2JNA$rIj2]$9$k$3$H$b;JK!(B($B!a@/I\$N0lItLg(B)$B$N5!G=$G$"$k$3$H$+$i!"L1;vE*$J2JNA$b=$@5Bh0l>r$K$h$k@)8B$r

$B7v2^8@MUO@(B (Fighting Words Doctrine)

$B=$@5Bh0l>r$rHH$9$3$H$J$/0cK!$H$_$J$9$3$H$N$G$-$kJL$N@\$NJ*M}E*JsI|$X$H6n$jN)$F$k2DG=@-$N9b$$8@O@$N$3$H$G$"$k!#$7$+$7%5%$%P!<%9%Z!<%9$G$O!"7v2^8@MU$K$h$C$F:G9b:[$,M-:aH=7h$rG'$a$k$3$H$O$^$l$G$"$k!#$H$$$&$N$b%5%$%P!<%9%Z!<%9$G$O!"$?$H$(8}1x$$GM$j$"$$$,$7$P$7$P8+e$N%X%$%H%9%T!<%A$K$D$$$F$OFC$K>GE@$,Ev$F$i$l$F$$$J$$$b$N$N!">-Mh$K$OK!@)2=$5$l$k$+$b$7$l$J$$!#@/I\$,FbMF$K>H$i$7$F8@O@$NGmC%$r9T$J$&$3$H$r;JK!$,@)8B$9$k798~$K$"$k0lJ}$G!"%X%$%H%9%T!<%A$O%a%G%#%"$NCmL\$rHs>o$K=8$a$F$*$j!"K!@)2=$N0lJb

$BL>M@TLB;(B (Defamation)

$BL>M@TLB;K!$O!"5u56$GB;32$rM?$($k8@L@$K$h$kHo32$+$iL>M@$rM@$r=}IU$1$k@x:_E*$JNO$OHs>o$KBg$-$$!#$7$+$7!"L>M@TLB;$G869p$,>!AJ$9$k$?$a$K$O!"0J2<$N;0E@$,N)>Z$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B

1. $B869p$O!"$O$C$-$j$H<+J,$r;X$7$F$$$k$+!"$"$k$$$O<+J,$G$"$k$H;W$o$;$k$h$&$JL>M@TLB;$N8@MU$,$"$k$3$H$rN)>Z$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$!#(B
2. $B869p$O!"$=$N8@MU$,869p$@$1$G$J$/$=$l0J30$N?M$K$b8xI=$5$l$?$3$H$rN)>Z$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B
3. $B869p$O!"L>M@TLB;$N%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s$K$h$C$F@8$8$?B;32$rN)>Z$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$!#(B

$B$7$+$7!"0J>e$N;0E@$,N)>Z$5$l$F$bHo9p$,K!E*@UG$$rLH$l$&$k>l9g$,$"$k!#8@L@$NFbMF$,??$G$"$k>l9g!"869p$,%a%C%;!<%8$N8xI=$KL@<(E*$"$k$$$O0E<(E*$KF10U$7$F$$$?>l9g!"$=$7$FHo9p$KLH@UFC8"$,$"$k>l9g$G$"$k!#$^$?!"C1$J$kH/8@M@TLB;$K$OEv$?$i$J$$$,!"FCDj$N;vM@TLB;$K$"$?$k!#Nc$($P!"!V%8%g!<$O?.MQ$G$-$J$$$H$$$&$N$,;d$N0U8+$G$"$k!W(B(It is my opinion that Joe cannot be trusted.) $B$H8@$o$l$?>l9g$OL>M@TLB;$K$O$"$?$i$J$$$,!"!V%8%g!<$,$"$J$?$N%Q%9%o!<%I$rl9g!"$3$l$OFCDj$N;vM@TLB;$H$J$k2DG=@-$,$"$k$@$m$&!#(B

$B$@$,!"$"$k8@O@$,L>M@TLB;$KEv$?$k$+$I$&$+$H$$$&H=CG$O!"@/I\$N0lItLg$G$"$k;JK!$K$h$C$F:G=*E*$K<99T$5$l$k$N$G!"L>M@TLB;$N9pAJ$O$d$O$j>o$K=$@5Bh0l>r$NLdBj$K4X$o$C$F$/$k!#(B1964$BG/$N%K%e!<%h!<%/%?%$%`%:BP%5%j%t%!%s:[H=$N:G9b:[H=7h$G$O!"$?$H$(Ev3:$N8@O@$,L>M@TLB;$G$"$k$HH=L@$7$F$b!"$=$N$?$a$K?M$rH3$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$+$I$&$+$K$D$$$F$O7{K!>e$N@)Ls$,$"$k$3$H$,H=Dj$5$l$?!#$3$NH=7h5Z$S$=$l0J9_$K3NN)$5$l$?H=Nc$K$h$k$H!"$I$N$h$&$J?MJ*$,L>M@TLB;$NHo32l9g!#$3$N>l9g!"Ho9p$,8=M@TLB;$N8@L@$rN.I[$7$?$3$H$r!"869p$O>ZL@$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$!#$D$^$j!"Ho9p$,$=$N8@L@$,8m$j$G$"$k$HCN$C$F$$$?$+!"$"$k$$$O5u56$G$"$k2DG=@-$,9b$$$H$r<+3P$7$F$$$?$H$$$&$3$H$r>ZL@$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B2. $B869p$O;d?M(B(private figure)$B$G$"$k$,!"8x$N4X?4;v(B(public concerns)$B$K4X$o$k>l9g!#$3$N>l9g!"869p$O!"Ev3:$N8@L@$,??$+56$+$K$D$$$F$N2a<:(B(negligence)$B$,Ho9p$NB&$K$"$C$?$3$H$rN)>Z$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$$,!"Ho9p$N8=Z$9$kI,MW$O$J$$!#$@$,!"8=ZL@$5$l$J$$8B$j!"D(H3E*B;32Ge=~(B(punitive damages)$B$OG'$a$i$l$J$$!#(B3. $B869p$,;d?M$G!";d;v(B(private concerns)$B#s$K4X$o$k>l9g!#$3$N>l9g!"869p$OHo9p$N8=Z$9$kI,MW$O$J$$!#$b$C$H$b!";JK!$,$3$N$h$&$JH=CG$r2<$9M}M3$N0l$D$H$7$F!";d?M$K$O$?$$$F$$%^%9%a%G%#%"$rMxMQ$9$kM@$J8@O@$rH?G}!&H?>Z$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$!"$H$$$&E@$,5s$2$i$l$k$N$@$,!"?tB?$/$N?M!9$H%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s$r$H$kG=NO$,A4$F$N?M$KBP$7$FF1Ey$KM?$($i$l$k%5%$%P!<%9%Z!<%9$G$O!"$3$NE@$OLdBj$H$J$i$J$$!#(B

$B0lJ}!"7G<(HD$d%*%s%i%$%s%5!<%S%9$J$I!"L>M@TLB;$KEv$?$k8@O@$NN.I[$rr$K4p$E$/@hNc$,$"$k!#$3$l$O!"$b$7=PHGJ*$NFbMF$K$D$$$F$N@UG$$,FspJs$r8x=0$KDs6!$9$k$3$H$N>c32$K$J$k!"$H$$$&M}M3$K4p$E$$$F$$$k!#%*%s%i%$%s%7%9%F%`$G$NL>M@TLB;$K4X$9$k%7%9%F%`4IM}M@TLB;$NAJ>Y$+$i$OJ]8n$5$l$k!"$H$$$&H=7h$,2<$5$l$?!#$7$+$7!"$3$N:[H=$O!"$b$7%7%9%F%`4IM}M@TLB;$N%a%C%;!<%8$NB8:_$K5$$E$$$F$$$?$K$b$+$+$o$i$:N.I[$rG'$a$F$$$?$H$7$?$i!"$I$N$h$&$JH=7h$,2<$5$l$?$N$+$H$$$&LdBj$rITLd$KIU$7$F$$$k$7!"%*%s%i%$%s>e$NL>M@TLB;$N;vNc$,IQHK$K@8$8$k$H;W$o$l$k%K%e!<%9%0%k!<%W$r$I$N$h$&$K07$($P$h$$$N$+$H$$$&LdBj$K$bEz$($F$O$$$J$$!#(B

$B$^$?!"%7%9%F%`4IM}M@TLB;$NAJ>Y$+$iLH$l$F$$$k$3$H$NM}M3$H$7$F!"%3%b%s%-%c%j%"O@(B(common carrier doctrine)$B$,5s$2$i$l$k$3$H$bB?$$!#%3%b%s%-%c%j%"$H$O!"EEOC!&EEJs%7%9%F%`!"E4F;!&9R6u2qpJs$d?M$dJ*$J$I$r:9JL$9$k$3$H$J$/EAC#M"Aw$9$k!"8x6&@-$N9b$$%5!<%S%9$N$3$H$r;X$9!#$=$7$F%3%b%s%-%c%j%"$O$=$N8x6&@-$N9b$5$f$(FCJL$KK!$NJ]8n$rM@TLB;$J$I$NGe=~MW5a$+$i$OLH$l$F$$$k!#$7$+$7!"%5%$%P!<%9%Z!<%9>e$N%7%9%F%`$NB?$/$O!"%3%b%s%-%c%j%"$H$$$&8l$N@53N$JK!N'>e$NDj5A$K$O3:Ev$;$:!"%3%b%s%-%c%j%"O@$O%*%s%i%$%s>e$NL>M@TLB;$N;vNc$K4X$7$F$OLr$KN)$?$J$$$H;W$o$l$k!#$J$<$J$i%5%$%P!<%9%Z!<%9>e$N%7%9%F%`$N$&$A!"C/$K$G$b@)8B$J$/%"%/%;%9$rG'$a$F$$$k$h$&$J%7%9%F%`$O$[$H$s$I$J$$$H$$$&$N$,8=>u$G$"$k$7!"$b$7%5%$%P!<%9%Z!<%9>e$N%7%9%F%`$K$b%3%b%s%-%c%j%"$H$7$F$NCO0L$,G'$a$i$l$k$H$$$&M@TLB;$KBP$9$k%7%9%F%`4IM}M@TLB;$rl$GL>M@TLB;$N8@O@$K1~@o$9$k8GM-$N8"Mx$rM?$($F$$$k$+$i$G$"$k!#%7%9%F%`4IM}M@TLB;$rM@TLB;$K$h$C$FHo$kB;32$b>/$J$/$J$j!">-Mh$OK!Dn$G%7%9%F%`4IM}

$B`PjxJ*$H;yF8%]%k%N(B

$BK!E*$K`PjxJ*$d;yF8%]%k%N$H$7$F$_$J$5$l$?$b$N$O!"A4$/=$@5Bh0l>r$NJ]8n$r

$B5u56$N9-9p!&:>5=E*$J9-9p(B

$B:#F|$G$O!"$[$H$s$I$N>&6HE*8@O@3hF0$b!"Hs>&6HE*8@O@$H$[$\F1MM$N!"=$@5Bh0l>r$K4p$E$/8"Mx$rM-$9$k$H9M$($i$l$F$$$k!#$@$,5u56$N9-9p$d:>5=E*$J9-9p$O!"$=$l$,8x6&$KM?$($k2DG=E*$J320-$N$?$a!">CHq]$H$J$j$&$k!#(B

$B=PHG$N<+M3(B

$B%G%8%?%k=PHG$OEAE}E*$J=PHGJ*$KHf$Y$F%3%9%H$,>/$J$/!":#F|$G$OMM!9$Jr$,r$N9KNN$N$[$H$s$I$O%G%8%?%k=PHGJ*$KBP$7$F$bE,MQ$5$l$k$,!"4XO"K!$KBP$9$kCm0U$OI,MW$G$"$k!#(B

$B%U%i%C%/(B(Phrack)$B%K%e!<%:%l%?!<(B

$B%O%C%+!<$K$h$k%3%s%T%e!<%?$d%M%C%H%o!<%/$NJ]A4$K$D$$$F$N5-;v$r7G:\$7$?%U%i%C%/$H8F$P$l$k=PHGJ*$,$"$j!"%U%i%C%/$NFbMF$N$[$H$s$IA4$F$O=$@5Bh0l>r$K$h$C$FJ]8n$5$l$F$$$k!#$7$+$7!"5v2D$J$/EEOC2qe$K=PHG$5$l$?;v7o$G$O!"%O%C%+!<$N:a$,Ld$o$l$?$@$1$G$J$/%K%e!<%:%l%?!<$NJT=8e$N=PHG3hF0$,;JK!$NCm0U$r0z$-IU$1$k$H$$$&;v